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The need for wood meant that woodlands were carefully managed, and therefore conserved throughout much of history. The stems produced by coppiced stools are small in diameter and tend to be straight making them suitable for many uses including furniture, fencing and charcoal manufacture. The earliest evidence of coppicing in the UK comes from the remains of wattle trackways found in the Somerset Levels that date back to 4,500 BC. Image via Wikimedia Commons licenced under CC BY 2.5Ĭoppicing been widely practised in the UK and Europe for a long time. hazel, alder, chestnut) are suitable for coppicing, but coniferous tree species such as pine are not because they die when cut instead of producing new shoots. In Europe, most deciduous tree species (e.g. For example, ash ( Fraxinus excelsior) trees typically live for 200 years, but coppiced ash stools can live for over a 1000 (1).

Coppicing extends the lifespan of trees dramatically. Generally, a different area of the woodland is cut every year with a 5-30 year rotation cycle to allow sufficient regrowth between cuttings (see figure below). Trees in a coppice or ‘copse’ are cut down to the base and this stimulates the base (called the stool) to produce new shoots. The word ‘coppice’ originates from the French ‘couper’, to cut. Until about 150 years ago, most deciduous woodlands in the UK were coppiced to produce wood for use in a variety of industries, but today coppicing is largely only practised for woodland conservation. This is likely to be part of a traditional woodland practice called coppicing. If you visit an ancient woodland in Europe at this time of year, you may well see small areas where the trees are being cut down to the base, but the stumps left behind. It is easy to think of woodlands as wild places, but in the UK and Europe, most have been carefully managed for centuries. Nitrogen retention in vegetation filters of short-rotation willow coppiceĪcta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae.A hazel coppice stool in Lower Wood, Ashwellthorpe. However, in a sandy, non-structured soil, viruses are efficiently retained in the soil mainly as a result of strong electrostatic interaction between viruses and soil colloids. Preferential flow of water in cracks and fissures can facilitate a rapid transport of viruses applied to a structured clay soil, and within a few hours viruses might reach the groundwater. In addition, gaseous nitrogen losses (primarily due to denitrification) are probably substantial. The nitrogen retention in a willow vegetation filter (up to in the order of 200 kg N/ha-yr) is due to plant uptake and incorporation into woody tissue (including harvestable shoots), and to a build-up of the pool of soil organic matter. Within reasonable limits, nitrogen leaching loads are independent on irrigation rates and thus dosing of wastewater should be based of nitrogen loads. However, once established, nitrogen leaching loads from willow vegetation filters are low or very low, enabling high inputs of nitrogen-rich wastewater. the year of planting), and thus, during establishment, neither wastewater nor commercial fertilizers should be applied to the crop. Nitrogen leaching loads from wastewater irrigated willow vegetation filters can be high or very high during the establishment phase (i.e. The experimental work was carried out in two types of lysimeters and in experimental fields.

In addition, the retention and potential leaching of viruses in such systems are assessed. In this thesis the nitrogen retention capacity in such cropping systems (vegetation filters) is assessed both within season and for several years and rotations. Irrigation of short-rotation willow coppice (SRWC) is a potentially efficient way of treating various types of wastewaters.